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Vedopangas
Each Veda has a subsidiary: ayurveda (knowledge of life) for rgveda, dhanurveda (knowledge of tools and weapon) for yajurveda, gandharvaveda (knowledge of arts) for samaveda and sthapatyaveda (architecture) for atharvaveda. In addition, puranas, nyayasastras, mimamsas and dharma sastras (smrtis) are also considered as upangas. Sthapatyaveda which is the subsidiary of atharvaveda is the subject of this discussion. Because it is the subsidiary of Veda, its authority is clear and undisputed.
Sthapatyaveda
Sthapatyaveda is the knowledge of sthapatya, the function of the silpins. It is also called silpasastra (the building science). In common parlance, sthapatyaveda is the science of construction. It is also called Vastuvidya, the knowledge of vastu.
Vastu
Literally, vastu is derived from the word ?vas? meaning ?to dwell? or ?to reside?. Vastu is the dwelling place of mortals and immortals ? mortals like human beings, animals, birds, plants and all other living things and immortals like gods, demigods, spirits etc.
It is classified into 4 categories
- The earth (Bhumi), the habitat of all living beings
- The buildings (harmya) for different activities
- The vehicles (yana),
- The seats (sayana)
The Resource Material of Vastu
The fountainhead of Vastuvidya is the Vedopanga sthapatyaveda. Its theories and practices are found in several later treatises. These source books can be generally classified into the puranas (ancient religious works), samhitas (compilation) and studies
The puranas (18 in number) describe the rituals, morals and religious aspects. Though all the puranas contain information on theory and practice of construction. Matsyapurana, for example, contain 19 chapter devoted to planning of settlements, design and construction of temples, iconography, construction of wells etc. It also refers to 18 ancient acaryas (preceptors) of Vastuvidya: Bhrgu, Atri, Vasistha, Viswakarma, Maya, Narada, Nagnajit, Visalaksa, Purandara, Brahma, Kumara, Nandikeswara, Saunaka, Garga, Vasudeva and Aniruddha. These acaryas were responsible for preserving, enriching and spreading the knowledge.
The samhitas are compilations of scientific knowledge. Their period is between 4th century BC and 6th century AD. Among them, the important ones are Arthasastra of Kautilya, Natyasastra of Bharata, Brhatsamhita of Varahamihira, Mayamata of Maya and Manasara of Manasaramuni. Arthasastra gives information on the measurement system, settlement planning, construction of forts and palaces and building bye?taws. Natyasastra gives details of construction of assembly halls and auditoria. Brhatsamhita is an encyclopedic work of which one chapter is devoted to Vastuvidya and one to the construction of wells. Mayamata is an exhaustive treatise containing 4585 verses in 36 chapters. Manasara is a veritable treasure house of knowledge of vastu, arranged in more than 5000 verses.
Between the 6th and 12th centuries AD, several agama texts were compiled as part of sakalaradhana (idol worship). All of them give details of construction of temples and ancillary structures. Kamikagama, Vaikhanasagama and Padmasamhita are important agamas giving details of such construction.
Several studies have been made after the 12th century AD. They take into account the differences in style based on climate building materials and social and cultural factors. Samaranganasutradhara, Kasyapasilpasastra, Viswakarmaprakasika, Vasturatnavali and Prayogamanjari are some of them. Tantrasamuccayam, which can be considered as an agamic text, is another such work. Silparatna, which is a classic work, half of which is devoted to the buildings and half to iconography, is another important work of this period. Two texts, which cover residential buildings exclusively, are Manusyalayacandrika of Tirumangalat Nilakantan and Vastuvidya of unknown authorship. The fact that these 4 works of study are the contributions of Kerala bears testimony to the systematic development of Vastuvidya in Kerala.
To define a vastu, Vastuvidya specifies 4 factors: size, shape, orientation and location.
Size
The size of a vastu is defined by its dimensions. Anthropometric dimensions are used in Vastuvidya. The basic unit is vyama, the span between the tips of middle fingers when both arms are stretched to the sides. In a standard person this is equal to his height (kaya). Octal subdivisions are used to define the sub-units. One-eighth vyama is a pada and one-eighth pada is an angula. In addition to the anthropometric dimensions (purusapramana), the grain size was also used to define the dimensions as is natural in the agricultural community. The width of barley (yavodara) was used as a standard dimension and was called yava. The two systems were connected by the relation, 8 yava = 1 angula. Successive octal subdivisions of yava yield tila, liksa, romagra, radhadhuli and paramanu (table 01).
1 paramanu 1 paramanu
8 paramanu 1 radhadhuli
8 radhadhuli 1 romagra
8 romagra 1 liksa
8 liksa 1 tila
8 tila 1 yava
8 yava 1 angula
8 angula = 1 pada
8 pada 1 vyama
Table 01. Octal system of Measurement.
To account for the difference in human proportions due to ethnic differences, three types of angula are proposed:
6 yava = 1 athamangula
7 yava = 1 madhyamangula
8 yava = 1 uttamangula
Uttamngula of 8 yava is taken as the standard.
The standardised value of angula in metric system will be 3 cm. Therefore, 1 pada = 8 angula = 24 cm and 1 vyama = 64 angula = 192 cm. One yava will then be equal to 3.75 mm and one tila will be 0.47 mm. For practical use in the field a measure called hasta equal to 24 angula is defined. This is equal to the length of arm from the shoulder. Several hastas were used with measures of 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30 and 31 angula, but the hasta of 24 angula length called kisku is universally adopted. The other hastas are used for special purposes. One half of hasta i.e. 12 angula is called vitasti and one eighth hasta = 3 angula is called parva. Hasta, vitasti and parva are practical units.
For larger measurements, a unit called danda is used. One danda is the perimeter of a square of side 1 hasta and therefore, equal to 4 hasta. Eight danda makes one rajju and 1000 rajju is one yojana.
Courtesy to http://www.kanippayyur.com
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